Computer

Computers are tools used to process the data according to the procedures that have been formulated.Computer word originally used to describe the work people do as a matter of arithmetic, with or without tools, but the meaning of this word and then transferred to the machine itself.Their origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.

In such a definition is a tool like a slide rule, mechanical calculator types ranging from abacus, and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. " Better terms suitable for a broad sense such as "computer" is "is to process information" or "system of processing information."

According to the history of computers, computer generation is divided into 5 parts.
Etymology

Over the years there have been several different meanings to the word "computer", and several different words are now referred to simply referred to as a computer.

The word computer is generally never used To define people who do arithmetic calculations, with or without a donkey engine. Menurut Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology ,According to the Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" and before 1897 was also used as a "mechanical calculators.During World War II, the word refers to female workers of the United States and England whose work counting artillery war path with the cash register.

Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine.In addition, a variety of simple machine tools such as slide rule will be considered as well as a computer.
Types
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Nevertheless, the above definition includes many special tools that can only take one or several functions.When considering modern computers, the nature of their most important tool to distinguish them from the earlier count is that, with programming that is true, all computers can emulate any nature (although perhaps limited by storage capacity and different speeds), and, indeed believed that the machine can now mimic computing tools that we will create in the future (though undoubtedly more slowly).In a sense, these limits are a useful test because the computer recognized the "general purpose" of the special purpose equipment early.The definition of "public purpose" can be formulated into a condition that a machine should be able to imitate the Turing machine universal.Machines that have this definition is known as a Turing-complete, and that they first appeared in 1940 in the middle of development throughout the world.See the article on the history of computing for more details of this period.
Embedded Computers

In about 20 years, many household appliances, particularly including a panel of video games but also includes telephone mobile, video cassette recorders, PDAs and many in the household, industrial, automotive, and other electronics, all of which contain electronic circuits such as computer eligible Turing-complete the above (with a note that the programs of these devices are often made directly in the chip ROM that will need to be changed to change the engine program).Other special purpose computer is generally known as a "microcontroller" or "Embedded computer" (embedded computer).herefore, many of which restrict the definition to computer main purpose tool that is processing information, rather than becoming part of larger systems such as telephones, microwave ovens, or aircraft, and can be modified for various purposes by users with no physical modifications. Komputer framework main, minikomputer, and personal computers (PCs) are the main types of computers that have this definition.
Personal Computer

Finally, many people are not familiar with other forms of computer use this term to refer exclusively to the personal computer (PC).
How computers work
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As the technology used in computer digital has changed dramatically since the first computer in 1940's (see History of the hardware count for more detail), most computers still use the von Neumann architecture, which was proposed in the early 1940s by John von Neumann .

Architecture Von Neumann described a computer with four main sections: Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU), control unit, memory, and input devices and the results (collectively called I / O).This section is connected by a wire file, "bus"
Memory
modul memori RAM memory modules RAM

In this system, the memory is a sequence of bytes that are numbered (like "cell" or "pigeon holes"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do.Tues may contain data that the computer needed to do a command. Each slot may contain one, and what is now the data may then be ordered.

A memory storing various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be resolved binary form (encoded) with a number of instructions to turn it into a sequence of numbers or figures.For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one method of solving.More complex instructions can be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information.The information can be stored in a sell is called a byte.

In general, the memory can be rewritten over a million times - the memory can be thought of as a blackboard and chalk that can be written and erased again, rather than a legal pad with a pen that can not be deleted.

The size of each cell, and cell numbers, a great change from computer to computer, and technology in the manufacture of memory has changed greatly - from Electromechanical relays, to a tube filled with mercury (and later spring) in which the acoustic pulse is formed, until the permanent magnet matrix, to each transistor, the integrated circuits with millions of transistors on a single chip of silicon.
Processing

Central Processing Unit or CPU to process the referral role, implement and deal with excessive calculation menerusi information computer system.Processing units or devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storan to implement directives related.
Example of a CPU in packaging Ball Grid Array (BGA) is displayed upside down by showing her legs

In the von Neumann architecture of the original, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit.In modern computers, the two units are located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs the basic implementation as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the contents of two slots for equality).In this unit performed "work" is real.

Control unit stores the command now done by computers, orders for the implementation of the ALU and get back information (from memory) needed to execute the command, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location.Once that happens, the control unit to go to the next command (usually located in the next slot, except if the order is a jump command that tells the computer that the next order placed at another location).
Input and results

I / O allows the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can the physical form (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy)There are various kinds of devices I / O, from the familiar keyboards, monitors and disk drives, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.

Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they had encoded (change) information of a kind to the data that can be further processed by a digital computer system.Instrument output, to decode the data into information that can be understood by computer users. In this sense, the digital computer system is an example of data processing systems.

Instructions

Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well defined.Ordinary command is understood most of the computer is "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in 013 cells", and "if the contents of cell 999 is 0, the next command you in 345 cells ".

Instructions represented in the computer as a number - code for "copy" may be 001, for example.A set of special commands that are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language the computer. In practice, people usually do not write instructions for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages are closely related to machine language, such as an assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from actual implementation details of the engine (high-level language)
Architecture

Contemporary computer put ALU and control units into a single integrated circuit known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU.Typically, the computer memory is placed in the top few small integrated circuits near the CPU.Tool which occupies most of the computer room is ancilliary system (for example, to provide electrical power) or instrument I / O.

Some larger computers differ from the above model in one main thing - they have multiple CPUs and control units working simultaneously.Moreover, several computers, used largely for research purposes and scientific computing, have differed significantly from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.

The function of the computer, in principle, is actually quite simple.Computer reaching the command and data from memory. Perintah dilakukan, hasil disimpan, dan perintah berikutnya dicapai. Command conducted, the results are stored, and subsequent orders achieved.This procedure is repeated until the computer is turned off.

Program

computer program is a big list of commands to be done by a computer, perhaps with the data in the table.Many computer programs contain millions of orders, and many of the commands was done repeatedly.A [[Personal computer [PC]] Modern general (in 2003) can do about 2-3 billion in the second command.Computers do not get their extraordinary abilities through the ability to perform complex commands.However, they do millions of simple commands arranged by smart people, "programmers." "Programmer develops Both sets of commands to perform common tasks (for example, draw a dot on the screen) and then make the command sets that are available to other programmers."Nowadays, most computers seem to do several programs at once. Ini biasanya diserahkan ke sebagai multitasking . This is usually referred to as multitasking.In fact, the CPU perform the command from one program, then after a while, the CPU switch to the second program and do some orders. Small interval is often referred to as a slice of time (time-slice).This raises the illusion that multiple programs simultaneously performed by giving the CPU time in the program. This is similar to how the film is just a quick series of still frame. The operating system is a program that is usually distributed over time

Operating system

The operating system is a combination of such a useful piece of code.As a kind of computer code can be used simultaneously by a wide range of computer programs, after many years, programmers finally menmindahkannya into the operating system.

Operating system, determining which program is run, when, and which tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides services to other programs, such as code (drivers) that allows programmers to write programs for a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices are connected.

Use of computers
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The children are using computers

The first digital computer, the size and cost of large, mostly working on scientific calculations. ENIAC, early computers originally designed for the U.S. account ballistics tables for weapons (artillery), calculate the density of neutron cross-section to see if the hydrogen bomb would work properly (the calculation This is done in December 1945 to January 1946 and involves dala in more than one million punch cards, then show the form under consideration would fail). CSIR Mk I, Australia's first computer, to evaluate the rainfall pattern for the shelter of the Snowy Mountains, a project generating hydroelectric large. The others are also used in kriptanalisis, such as electronic computer digital first, Colossus, created during World War II. However, early visionary programming is also expected that it will allow the game of chess, moving images and other uses.

The people in government and large corporations also use computers to automate many of the collection of data and tasks previously done by humans - for example, maintain and update the accounts and inventory. In the field of education, scientists in various fields began to use computers for their own analysis. Decrease in computer prices to make them can be used by smaller organizations. Businesses, organizations, and governments often use very many small computers to complete tasks that used to be performed by the computer main frame of the expensive and large. Collection of smaller computers in one location as submitted to the server estate.

With the invention of the microprocessor in the 1970's, became possible to produce very cheap computers. PC has become popular for many tasks, including storing books, write and print documents. And other calculations predict recurrent mathematics with spreadsheets, related e-mail and, the Internet. However, widespread availability and easy customization computers have seen them used for many other purposes.

Simultaneously, a small computer, usually with a set program, began to find their way into other devices such as home equipment, cars, aircraft, and industrial equipment. These processors are set, control the behavior of such devices is easier, allowing the behavior of more complex controls (for the event, the development of anti-lock brakes on the car).As the twenty-first century begins, most electrical appliances, most forms of powered transportation, and most factory production line controlled by the computer.Most engineers predict that this will tend to continue.